Most Lopsided Presidential Elections

The most lopsided president election in U.S. history was Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelts 1936 victory against  Republican Alfred M. Landon. Roosevelt won 98.5 percent or 523 of the 538 electoral votes up for grabs that year. Such a lopsided presidential election is unheard of in modern history. But Roosevelts victory is by no means the only landslide White House election. Republican Ronald Reagan won the most electoral votes of any president in history, 525. But that was after seven more electoral votes were added to the prize. His 525 electoral votes represented 97.6 percent of all 538 electoral votes. Definition In presidential elections, a landslide election is generally agreed to be one in which the winning candidate secures at least 375 or 70 percent of the 538 electoral votes in the Electoral College. For purposes of this article, we are using electoral votes as a measure and not the popular vote. It is possible to win the popular vote and lose the presidential race, as happened in the 2000 and 2016 elections because of the way electoral votes are distributed by states. A landslide presidential election, in other words, may not always result in a similarly wide margin in the popular vote because most states award electoral votes on a winner-take-all basis to the candidate who wins the popular vote in their state. Using the standard definition of a landslide victory in presidential politics, when one candidate wins at least 70 percent of the electoral votes, here is a list of contested presidential races that were among the most lopsided in American history. Note: President Donald Trumps 2016 electoral victory does not qualify as a lopsided victory as he won only 306 electoral votes. Democrat Hillary Clinton won 232 electoral votes but carried the popular vote. List of Landslides Under that standard definition, the following presidential elections would qualify as Electoral College landslides: 1996: Democrat Bill Clinton won 379 electoral votes against Republican Bob Dole, who received only 159 electoral votes.1988: Republican George H.W. Bush won 426 electoral votes against Michael S. Dukakis, who received only 111.1984: Republican Ronald Reagan won 525 electoral votes against Democrat Walter Mondale, who got only 13 electoral votes.1980: Reagan won 489 electoral votes against Democrat Jimmy Carter, who got only 49 electoral votes.1972: Republican Richard Nixon won 520 electoral votes against Democrat George S. McGovern, who got only 17 electoral votes.1964: Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson got 486 electoral votes against Republican Barry M. Goldwater, who got only 52 electoral votes.1956: Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower got 457 electoral votes against Democrat Adlai Stevenson, who got only 73 electoral votes.1952: Eisenhower got 442 electoral votes against Stevenson, who got only 89 electoral votes.1944: Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt got 432 electoral votes against Republican Thomas E. Dewey, who got only 99 electoral votes.1940: Roosevelt got 449 electoral votes against Republican Wendell L. Wilkie, who got only 82 electoral votes.1936: Roosevelt got 523 electoral votes against Republican Alfred M. Landon, who got only 8 electoral votes.1932: Roosevelt got 472 electoral votes against Republican Herbert C. Hoover, who got only 59 electoral votes.1928: Republican Herbert C. Hoover got 444 electoral votes against Democrat Alfred E. Smith, who got only 87 electoral votes.1924: Republican Calvin Coolidge got 382 electoral votes against Democrat John W. Davis, who got only 136 electoral votes.1920: Republican Warren G. Harding got 404 electoral votes against Democrat James M. Cox, who got only 127 electoral votes.1912: Democrat Woodrow Wilson got 435 electoral votes against Progressive Theodore Roosevelt, who got only 88 electoral votes.

Investigating The Rise Of The Nazi Party During The Weimar...

In this literature the authors (King, Rosen, Tanner, Wagner 2008) explore the voting behavior in order to explain the rise of the Nazi Party during the Weimar Republic and who turned to the Nazis and who didn’t. Some of the literature’s arguments there are two theories mentioned, the first one being group-based theory and the second one the Catchall theory. Alternative arguments to this suggest that those who were hurt by the economy and had little risk of unemployment labeled in the readings as the working poor supported the Nazi Party. This group of people disliked the on-going welfare programs from the current government and were seeking for economic stability, new capital goods and more. In contrast those who were unemployed or at high risk of becoming unemployed were in favor of the Communist Party or Zentrum Party, these people were against the Nazi party mainly because they were already benefiting from the different kinds of social assistants and the Nazi polici es did not favor the average peasant workers. The data shown in the essay covers elections from December 1924 to March 1933, after having a set of 681 precincts that were stable. This is divided into six regions, each showing 3 different levels of unemployment (low, middle and high) as well as religious affiliation (Protestants and Catholics plus a couple of others). Some of the findings illustrate that Protestants were located to the Northeast, in contrast Catholics regions were located in the Southwest.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Adolf Hitler3455 Words   |  14 Pages The seeds of Hitlers rise to power were planted following the outcome of the First World War. With Germanys defeat, many German men returned to Germany feeling betrayed by their country and government. Among them was Adolf Hitler, a young Austrian Corporal who had fought bravely for Germany. When the World War broke out, Hitler was very happy. The War had been a blessing to the young Hitler, who had been unsuccessful in civilian life. When Germany was defeated, Hitler was devastated. He wroteRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswhich were spread ever more broadly among different social groups—including women, laborers, INTRODUCTION †¢ 3 ethnic minorities, and gays—made strides that were perhaps greater than all of those achieved in previous history combined. During the same time span, however, state tyranny and brutal oppression reached once unimaginable levels—in large part due to the refinement or introduction of new technologies of repression and surveillance and modes of mass organization and control. Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesguru The ‘experimental’ Relay Assembly Test Room used in the Hawthorne Studies Neo-modernist open systems Three layers of organization culture A snapshot taken by a British Officer showing German and British troops fraternizing on the Western Front during the Christmas truce of 1914 The operation of three types of control in relation to an organizational task Factors impacting on the viability of different forms of control Postmodern pastiche architecture in Las Vegas Business sponsoring sport Atkinson’s

The Influence of Humanity on Education and Women Free Essays

The age of Enlightenment put forth the importance of humanism and reason, concepts that creates a balance between humanity’s innate tendency to experience emotions while at the same time, cultivating a rational view of experiencing sensations and interactions around him/her. Indeed, discourses that were created and published in the 18th century reflected the use of reason in order to elucidate the nature of human beings. Enlightenment discourses,’ in effect, provide an important insight into the humanism and reason that dwells inside the human mind. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Humanity on Education and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now These important concepts of the Enlightenment were shown in the works of Mary Wollstonecraft and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Both being proponents and believers of the principles reflective of the Enlightenment, they expressed their views of how humanism and reason influenced their position about the role of women and feminism, and their relationship with education. In Wollstonecraft’s â€Å"Vindication of the rights of women,† the author utilized reason as a tool to argue her point about the history of women’s suppression when it comes to achieving quality education and fair regard with men in the society. Rousseau, meanwhile, in his work entitled â€Å"Emile† (or â€Å"On Education†), asserted that neither women nor men were suppressed or antagonized against each other, whether the comparison is on their rights, social status, and even privileges such as attaining education. He provided the ‘opposite face’ of Wollstonecraft’s argument of women suppression in society through their lack of education. Given these descriptions of the works of Wollstonecraft and Rousseau, this paper posits that the works of the authors share a similarity and difference that pertains to the issue of women’s equality in attaining education and education in general. This paper argues that using both humanism and reason as foundations for their arguments, Wollstonecraft and Rousseau similarly believed that education must be achieved by all, although education in itself must not be confined to formal education, but to formative education done by the society as well. However, both differed in expressing their opinion concerning women’s roles and feminism. Wollstonecraft believed that women had been suppressed and not given the privilege to acquire good formal and formative educations, while Rousseau believed that women were not hindered by society to receive education, and they can do so if they only willed themselves to achieve it. Presentation, analysis, and discussion of these arguments are supported with texts from Wollstonecraft’s â€Å"Vindication of the rights of women† and Rousseau’s â€Å"Emile. Wollstonecraft and Rousseau presented similar arguments when they discussed the issue of how society should develop and implement education for children and the youth. Both acknowledged the fact that formal education is important, although its state (in the 18th century) leaves more to be desired; in fact, they cited the deficiencies that formal education can have to people’s learning and intellectual and moral development. They believed that formal education must include formative education, which means people must not only learn through accumulation of facts and information in schools and educational institutions, but also learn through constant interaction with other people. The youth must learn not only from within the walls of the classroom, but in the real world as well. Rousseau expressed his strong belief in formative education in â€Å"Emile. † In fact, the creation of the discourse itself was meant to critique and analyze the state of formal education as Rousseau observed it during his time. One of his critiques against formal education is that it tended to provide knowledge that is ‘quite limited,’ even â€Å"censored† for the students. In expressing his disagreement against â€Å"censored† material used in teaching students, he stated, â€Å"[t]he literature and science of our century tend to destroy rather than to build up. When we censor others we take on the tone of a pedagogue†¦ In spite of all those books whose only aim†¦ is public utility†¦ the art of training men-is still neglected. Books and instructional materials are only useful as aids towards learning, but if these educational materials are â€Å"censored† and created in order to suit the institutions’ needs rather than the students’, then the â€Å"training of men† is forfeited. What results is a society where children and the youth depend on education to provide its learning knowledge, taking for granted ‘lessons’ learned in real life, such as knowledge that comes out from daily interaction with other people and learning lessons from their everyday experiences in the outside world. Apart from the censorship in the educational material taught to students, Rousseau also cited the seemingly lack of imagination in the educational system. By ‘imagination,’ he meant that people have become heavily dependent on information and knowledge already extant in the society in all kinds of discipline. Gone is the drive to discover new things in the natural and social environment, which makes human knowledge and most importantly, intellectual development, stagnant. Learning and knowledge accumulation must be a process in which students must think â€Å"out of the box,† an idea that should have been supported because this is what led to the age of Enlightenment. Without humanity’s imagination and drive to learn more about the world they live in, perhaps the age of Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution Rousseau’s society was benefiting from would not happen. He explicated in better terms his idea of thinking â€Å"out of the box† in the following passage from â€Å"Emile†: By freely expressing my own sentiment I have so little idea of claiming authority that I always give my reasons. This way people may weigh and judge them for themselves. But while I do not wish to be stubborn in defending my ideas, I think it my duty to put them forward†¦ Propose what is feasible, they repeatedly tell me. It is as if I were being told to propose what people are doing already, or at least to propose some good which mixes well with the existing wrongs†¦ Wollstonecraft had similarly expressed Rousseau’s sentiments concerning formal education. In expressing her views about education (in general), she focused on the effect that intellectual development from schools have over the moral development of the students. Rousseau, on one hand, had not expressed explicitly his desire for an moral, alongside intellectual, development for humanity’s youth. Wollstonecraft, on the other hand, had been more than explicit in expressing her desire for moral development as an individual goes through intellectual development. In â€Å"Vindication,† she expressed concern that the public and private education systems are focusing too much on the intellectual development of the individual, and might, over time, experience greater knowledge and learning without a strong and firm moral character. By emphasizing on moral and intellectual developments, Wollstonecraft strove to put a balance between the humanism and reason, the pillars of the Enlightenment that helped promote intellectual and social progress in human societies. Her fears of escalating moral degeneration for the future of 18th century society was expressed in her discourse, where she declared, †¦ children would be entirely separated from their parents, and I question whether they would become better citizens by sacrificing the preparatory affections, by destroying the force of relationships that render the marriage state as necessary as respectable. But, if a private education produces self-importance, or insulates a man in his family, the evil is only shifted, not remedied. By claiming that â€Å"evil is only shifted, not remedied,† Wollstonecraft meant that formal education does not prepare people for the knowledge that would become more important and useful in real life. This knowledge is not the wide expanse of information that one knows, nor the deep understanding of a discipline or study, but rather, the knowledge that one has in having the best judgment and manner of interacting with other people. Moral development, in effect, was considered more important than intellectual development because it is through a healthy psyche that humanity is able to move forward and leave the ways of the ‘primitive human. ‘ This primitive being is one who is not able to control his emotions and desires, seeking and pursuing these at the detriment of other people’s lives and welfare. With social progress in mind, Wollstonecraft proposes that education or intellectual development is not the sole key to it, but morality reigning in human societies as well. Wollstonecraft and Rousseau expressed their similarities in the belief that moral development is just as important in attaining intellectual development. However, when it comes to discussing role of women in the society and feminism, the authors have different perspective toward these issues. Wollstonecraft’s view of women and feminism is more radical and attempts to break the status quo (i. e. , the perceived dominance of males over females). Rousseau, meanwhile, sought to establish the fact that in general, men and women are equal in that they complement each other’s differences. Thus, for him, their differences are nature’s way of creating a balanced whole and harmony in the society. Wollstonecraft’s views were apparent in her discussion of education, where, after criticizing education in general, she applied the issue of the achievement of formal education in the context of the women’s sector and feminism. In her discussion of moral development as an essential factor in developing intellectual growth, she argued that women’s lack of opportunity to achieve formal education also resulted to their lack of moral growth. This means that because they were not exposed to ideas that would encourage the development of a moral character, women were left to act and behave attitudes and character that they deemed as ‘right’ and ‘pleasing’ to the society. She expressed dismay over women’s lack of privilege in education, both moral and intellectual, relegated her to the low and weak status in the society: No, it is indolence and vanity-the love of pleasure and the love of sway, that will rain paramount in an empty mind. I say empty emphatically, because the education which women now receive scarcely deserves the name. For the little knowledge that they are led to acquire, during the important years of youth, is merely relative to accomplishments; and accomplishments without a bottom, for unless the understanding be cultivated, superficial and monotonous is every grace. This passage reflected the fact that the perpetuation of a patriarchal society in the 18th century was due to many factors, which included the tolerance of women’s lack of privilege to develop themselves intellectually and morally. If women will not understand the repercussions that education can have in their lives, they will remain as â€Å"indolent† individuals possessing an â€Å"empty mind†-individuals who remain unchallenged and unknowing because they lack the knowledge to survive in a world where survival not only depended on physically, but intellectually and morally as well. Rousseau offered an opposing opinion to Wollstonecraft’s feminist ideals. In â€Å"Emile† (Book Five), he made it clear that â€Å"[t]o cultivate the masculine virtues in women and to neglect their own is obviously to do them an injury. Women are too clear-sighted to be thus deceived. When they try to usurp our privileges they do not abandon them. But the result is that being unable to manage the two, because they are incompatible, they fall below their own potential without reaching our’s and loose half their worth. † This assertion reflected how women, in their desire to be equal in skills and knowledge as men, weaken themselves in the process, for they were not able to cultivate their own skills and knowledge. Attaining equality with men by aspiring for their characteristics is abandoning one’s self and acquiring the identity of the other, thereby creating confusion and guilt. The woman is then left feeling weak because she had abandoned her true, strong self. It is through this point that Rousseau was able to explicate how males and females are equal in that they complement each other: one draws strength from the other, and become weak when they try to be not their true, strong selves. How to cite The Influence of Humanity on Education and Women, Papers

Reflective Essay Cultural Heritage- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe my key issues while living in a culturally diverse country like Australia. Answer: The purpose of this reflective essay is to describe my key issues while living in a culturally diverse country like Australia. I will explain our family's cultural origin and cultural heritage. The essay will give detail on the place from where our family migrated to Australia. It will describe the level of prejudice, discrimination and racism faced by our family. It will also identify the influences that lead to the formation of our own cultural heritage in relation to the theoretical frameworks of cross-cultural counseling. It will create an understanding of the complexity of living in a multicultural environment. The essay will explore how the cultural heritage has impacted me and my cultural identities. This section will give a detail about my family history and the cultural heritage. I belong to a family which is a mix of Irish Catholics. My family was originally based in Ireland and an orphan from the family migrated to Australia following a potato famine in Ireland. The first generation women of our family moved to Australia and married an English soldier who then worked on the railway lines. They were subjected to prejudice and discrimination as they were Catholics living in a Protestant colony. They led a hard life due to poverty. One of their children was my great grandmother who married a coal miner and had children. One of them was my grandmother, and my grandfather was a World War 1 soldier who ultimately committed suicide. Our family suffered due to poverty, racial discrimination and domestic violence. Since my grandfather committed suicide, the Roman Catholic Church also discriminated them as they regarded suicide as a mortal sin. Even my mother was subjected to discrimin ation because of low social background and low education levels. The manual workers were paid very low wages, so there was great job stress. I have been influenced by a tolerant family who is not racist. I feel the women in our family were very hard working, and they were very resilient. My mother suffered a lot but as she was an unmarried mother, this also increased her shame and discrimination. But still, the female members of our family were very dedicated to their children and ensured that they get the proper education to improve their future. They were very compassionate and helped peoples in distress. I am associated with arranging community programs and my parents helped me in organizing meals on wheels and youth programs. I personally feel that my mother is a natural social worker, and my parents were always involved in assisting homeless, unemployed youth. I have been profoundly influenced by families culture, and I would not be working on community programs had I not been influenced by the social nature of my family. All my extended family always looked after disadvantaged people in society, and I am what I am t oday because of them. Living in a culturally diverse country like Australia, I feel that development of my own cultural heritage has been influenced by factors like racism, prejudice, discrimination and privileges. Australia has it special cultural status. Originally multiculturalism in Australia was understood as members of Australian community coming from different cultures. However, it is related to rights of migrants living in Australia to express their cultural identity. So any migrant living in Australis will be influenced by the level of independence they get regarding cultural identity, social justice and economic efficiency (Phillips Spinks, 2012). Since 1945 more than 7 million migrants have settled in Australia. Our ancestors had suffered a lot due to discrimination in Australia. The White Australian were also discriminated and till 1970 there was a great restriction on people immigrating from non-European countries. But I feel today the immigration policies are not racially discriminatory. No w anyone can apply for visa irrespective of their origin, race, religion or gender (Hollifield et al., 2014). This section will describe my family's experience of living in the multicultural environment. After analyzing my familys history, I feel that Australia has not been tolerant of ethnic diversity in the past. My previous generation faced decades of discrimination in different forms like job stress, social deprivation, etc. My ancestors suffered from mental health and faced challenges in developing their identity regarding the economy, employment and many other factors. I feel that migrants coming from diverse cultural background have a different way of interpreting and responding to life experiences. The cultural values and personal circumstances of individual decide how they will be reacting to certain situations. I feel that my parents are now involved in supporting disadvantaged people because of their own suffering in life. They were subjected to racial discrimination and so they know the problems that migrants can face (Edge Newbold, 2013). While living in a multi-cultural environment, people like my own ancestors experience stress due to cultural shock. From my family cultural history, I can say that immigrants suffer from stress due to challenges they face in adjusting to a different social structure, values, beliefs, practices, political system and practices. Clash in view occurs, giving an advantage to one section and depriving outsiders of privileged of society (Schmitt et al., 2014). My family faces challenges in arranging for housing and another service to settle down in an unfamiliar environment. Despite several problems, they never compromised on our education and tried to give better lives in future. In a multi-cultural environment, language also acts a barrier. People migrating to different countries may have problems interpreting local dialect. Many immigrants to Australia experience unemployment or poverty. My grandmother also suffered from domestic violence and poverty. They faced limited job opportunities due to social stigma existing in society. Now also I have seen immigrant in Australia suffer unemployment issues due to language skills or because of cultural or religious limitation. These problems lead to isolation and builds insecurity among people. Difficulty in communicating, limited finances and poor access to basic amenities of life has made life very complex for immigrants. My past generation also suffered for a long time because of limited opportunity to improve their personal situation. The sense of isolation is also magnified if anyone is living in sparsely populated areas (Scott Scott, 2013). I have this thinking that multi-cultural environment also has an impact on women. In many cultures, women mainly keep contact with their own home and family. But when one migrates to another country, the connection of extended family network breaks down. So women are more isolated than men. The routine changes and woman feel that they have to work further aggravating the problem. My first generation of ancestor also had to come from a workhouse in Ireland to Australia. She was an orphan, and she was forced to do so because of the potato famine in Ireland. So she was a peasant with no skills and found it hard to get jobs from colonial people of Australia. She was a Catholic and living in a Protestant family contributed to racial discrimination. I feel that as she moved from her own native country, she would also have experienced a similar type of isolation apart from other fundamental problems mentioned above (Delaney MacRaild, 2013). Many people migrating to Australia are also survivors of war, natural disaster or social torture. People are coming in loads to Australia due to these unusual circumstances in life. Similar kind of experience was also faced by my family. My grandfather was World War 1 soldier and suffered trauma due to war and ultimately committed suicide. There are also people who are the survivor of war or natural disaster. This injury led to a development of mental illness including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Such people have difficulty in concentrating on the task, feeling of powerlessness, panic attacks and guilt. Migrants also suffer long-distance suffering due to media reports of war. This happens when people suffer because of other in their homeland (Helleiner, 2015). Social issues are also rampant in youth. I am also a fifth generation of young Australian belonging to Irish migrant family who moved to Australia after a potato famine in 1845. I had my own cultural values, and I experienced a different set of culture while living in Australia. So I was caught between two sets of cultural standards and values. Many youths also feel pressurized because of their parents. This is because when their children try to adopt Australian values and customs, they feel that it is a loss of their own traditional culture. Such youth like me face challenges in counterbalancing perceived permissiveness in Australian society (Belot Ederveen, 2012). My transition in life became difficult to negotiate because of my Catholic culture views on sexuality, relationship, education and employment. As I belonged to an ethnic minority group, I had difficulty in maintaining friends because of bullying and my difference in cultural background. Youths migrating to different coun tries also suffer from social isolation. Such life situation may lead to different outcomes in different people. My familys cultural experience has made me what I am today. I always found my parent assisting unemployed people, so I also developed this interest from them to serve the community and make lives better for them. That is why now I work for arranging Community Programs. There are some young people whose life also deteriorates due multi-cultural influences. There is increased the risk of suicide and risk-taking behaviors like vulnerability to alcohol, drugs, anxiety and poor self-esteem (Moran et al., 2014). I have also described the level of prejudice, racism, discrimination and privilege experienced by my ancestors. My original descendant home was Ireland, and they moved to Australia only after potato famine (Beaumont et al., 2013). There was the anti-Irish sentiment in Australia which referred to racism, bigotry, oppression and discrimination against Irish in Australia. My descendants were subjected to prejudices because of our Catholic origin. As they were living in a Protestant colony, so they were discriminated in terms of employment opportunity. My grandmother faced discrimination and prejudice after the death of my grandfather due to her social position and stigma in the family. According to my own experience living so far in Australia, I also feel that racism has contributed to the mental stress of many immigrants. This kind of attitude devalues individual identity and lowers their confidence and self-esteem. I have seen many people who avoid social contact just because of racis m. The immigrants leave their home country and come to a new place in hope of new ways of living and livelihood. But racism further increases people depression and anxiety (Forrest et al., 2014). My family was also a victim of mental illness causes due discriminatory behavior. According to the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, it is illegal to discriminate any person racially in terms of access to desired employment, services or goods, education and housing facilities. I personally experienced this during my college my life when people refused to associate with me because of my racial origin. Other forms of racist behavior that I have experienced in Australia include wearing clothes with signs of particular cultural groups, broadcasting negative material about the particular cultural group through slogans and pamphlets. I saw Australians mocking me because of my Irish Catholic origin. In an extreme case, people were also physically assaulted just because they belonged to a particular cultural group or practice certain religion (Wrench, 2016). It is often seen that when youngsters migrate to new places, they acquire the culture of the new place and forget their own culture. Therefore two kinds of circumstances arise. Either they identify with their culture or distance from their family's cultural background. I particularly identified with my cultural background, and it had its influence on my upbringing and what I m today. My parents used to help unemployed people, and I also acquired that quality from them of serving the weaker section of my community. Irish Catholics are now found in many countries around the world. The population of Catholics dropped following the famine of 1840. More than four thousand young female orphans were shipped from Irish workhouses to Australian colony at the time of famine. My first generation of ancestors belonged to those groups. Some were greeted with hostility while some were exploited or abused by the employers. As far as I have analyzed, religion has always remained a cause of different iation for Irish in any part of the world. It had the greatest impact on our cultural identity and Irish people faced problems of the socioeconomic condition in each new country (Miller 2014). One particular event that is an expression of our Irish identity is the St. Patricks Day. It is an emblem of our culture. But this assemblies and expression of Irish culture were not permitted by Australian initially. The situation, however, changed after the growth of wealthy Irish Catholic emancipist and Irish Catholic Priest. Apart from great atrocities faced by my ancestor in the past, I feel now the situation has far improved now. Now Irish comprise 10.5% of Australian population according to 2011 census. Though I live in Australia, still I follow my Irish culture. The Australian government also played a part in relaxing migration policies (Hutchinson, 2012).So currently Australia has become one of the most culturally diverse countries and the popular destination for migrants. My Irish culture has a sense of informality, and we encourage transparent approach between people both in public and private space. I am very emotional, affectionate and attached to my family. I have got t his quality from my parents only. Literacy and verbal acuity are valued in my culture. What set us apart from another culture is our informality, reciprocity and egalitarianism attitude (Sexton, 2013).We don't hesitate in sharing food and other things to people. Our social boundaries are indistinct and permeable. Our relative wealth and social class influence my choices. My familys social status and their experience in life have affected my life decisions. After the analysis of my ancestor's life history, I was able to counsel myself in cross-cultural levels. I found that different attributions help in understanding how changes occur in the cross-culture environment. The first attribute is how far an individual believes that he is responsible for the problem and the extent to which any person believes in personal responsibility to solve the problem. This framework helps me understand my familys behaviors across cultures. Although they suffered discrimination, late generation recovered from it. My parents too suffered a lot, but they chose to find solutions to the problem themselves. It is the result of those striving that has made me independent today (Ang Van Dyne, 2015). Through the analysis of my family history and cultural heritage, I can conclude that immigration has a severe effect on migrants life. It changes their life totally when they have to leave their own native country and settle down in new places. I saw how people life change and they suffered from mental trauma and distress. The economic status deteriorates and migrants have to face many kinds of discrimination in places due to their diverse identity. But the situation changed and if anyone seeks to find the solution to the problem, then life can improve. My family also had this attribute which made my life easier. The essay is a valuable reflection of the values of cultural heritage and identification with family background. Reference Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (2015).Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Beaumont, J., Geber, J., Powers, N., Wilson, A., Lee Thorp, J., Montgomery, J. (2013). Victims and survivors: stable isotopes used to identify migrants from the Great Irish Famine to 19th century London.American journal of physical anthropology,150(1), 87-98. Belot, M., Ederveen, S. (2012). Cultural barriers in migration between OECD countries.Journal of Population Economics,25(3), 1077-1105. Delaney, E., MacRaild, D. M. (2013).Irish Migration, Networks and Ethnic Identities since 1750. Routledge. Edge, S., Newbold, B. (2013). Discrimination and the health of immigrants and refugees: exploring Canadas evidence base and directions for future research in newcomer receiving countries.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,15(1), 141-148. Forrest, J., Johnston, R., Poulsen, M. (2014). Ethnic Capital and Assimilation to the Great Australian (Homeownership) Dream: the early housing experience of Australia's skilled immigrants.Australian Geographer,45(2), 109-129. Helleiner, J. (2015). Recruiting the culturally compatible migrant: Irish Working Holiday migration and white settler Canadianness.Ethnicities, 1468796815610354.

Prefect and the duties Essay Example

Prefect and the duties Paper I have chosen to do my piece of coursework on the school based activity of being a prefect and the duties that come with it. I chose to do this activity because its something I know will eventually make a difference to the school itself, be it little or big, and the school community as a whole. I also found that this activity was quite interesting, as something new happened everyday whether it is while completing duties or just a normal day. When I was planning this activity I had to think about how I would deal with certain people who didnt pay any attention to prefects. I also thought about how I would remember to turn up every Wednesday and Friday. However, most importantly I had to plan how to keep my concentration on doing my best. When I first started this activity there were some problems to overcome, these included the people who would not show any respect or attention to what I was doing and how they would be one to cause more problems for my allocated teacher and myself to deal with. We will write a custom essay sample on Prefect and the duties specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Prefect and the duties specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Prefect and the duties specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I was able to sort these problems out though because the teachers understood about what could happen and that if there were a certain pupil who was rude or didnt listen they would explain to them the purpose of prefects. If problems persisted with a pupil against a prefect, senior staff got involved to sort the problem out quickly and quietly. I still carry on doing this activity today and so far have done activities such as minding that people behave around the school site, helping the teachers at break and lunch and setting an example to the younger pupils to follow. There were other people involved in this activity and they had to do the same kind of thing with their allocated teacher. All of the prefects agreed to work as a team at the beginning in a prefect assembly. We agreed that we would achieve more if we were as a unit and done our very best. Our head teacher spoke to us all as a team and explained what we would be doing and how it helped the school. A typical day for myself is that I would set an example from the very moment I step out of my house to my journey to school, and till the end of the day when I get home. This would be making sure I am smartly dressed, proud of what I was doing and not causing any problems. Once I enter the school grounds, I would make sure that I remained the same positive person and to make sure I behave in a way that others should. When its my time to do a duty with the teacher, I meet up with them in the classroom and go to wherever we need to together, we then discuss what we are going to do, for example, in the school canteen, I will stay at one end of the room making sure everyone is doing everything they should, and the teacher will be at the other end controlling queues and general behaviour problems. If there was someone not doing as they should, I would quietly ask them to do the right thing, and if they continue doing wrong, I would either ask them to talk with the teacher or ask the teacher to go to them. The majority of the time, most pupils are well behaved and dont cause any big problems to deal with. At the end of the break I would make sure the canteen is tidy and ready for use again. After I have finished this duty, I would carry on my school day as when I first come in to school. People benefited from this activity because they learn they could not get away with trying to rebel against the teachers or prefects. The whole school community also benefited because it did make a small number of pupils feel safer that there was a team to sort out any problems like fighting or bullying. It also benefited the younger pupils because they had someone to look up to and follow. If I had to be involved in this activity in the future I would try and changed certain pupils attitudes towards the prefect team. I would also like to see prefects have more power to giving detentions with a good reason, and if it was necessary, they could enforce further punishment. I also thing prefects should have more rewards for working hard and trying to make the school a better place.

Ancient near east works essays

Ancient near east works essays In studying the literature developed by ancient Near East civilizations, you will find a wide range of readings varying from The Epic of Gilgamesh to The Old Testament. I will give a brief overview to each of these readings from this time period found in the Bailkey and Lim textbook, as well as give their significance to the time period. First off, The Epic of Gilgamesh tells the story of a Sumerian king who, with companion Enkidu at his side, slays monsters to build up his reputation. When Enkidu dies after angering the gods, Gilgamesh then goes on a quest for achieving immortality. It is significant to the time because, it tells of the proper way an individual should relate to society during this time; the way the gods relate to man, the proper way to rule a people, and the proper way to obey a king, and what man owes to the gods. The Epic of the Flood is a Babylonian story that resembles that of the Bibles Noah and his ark. Utnapishtim learns of a great flood coming to wipe out all of the lands inhabitants and gains immortality from the gods for surviving the flood. The story is significant as it part of the Epic of Gilgamesh and describes how one can become immortal during the time, and perhaps godlike. The Reforms of Urukagina discusses the changes brought forth by Urukagina, the ruler of Laggash. His reforms call for erasing corruption in the lands, the first example of a judicial code. The Shamash Hymn reflects the view of their society toward the sun. It was a long hymn originally written in cuneiform, it is one of the wider known Mesopotamian religious writings. The Laws of Hammurabi discuss how justice should be administered, as well as how to regulate property, irrigation, slavery, marriage, trade, loans, wages, adoption and many other issues during the time. The Laws of Hammurabi are the longest and best organized of the law collections that survive from ancient Mesopotamia. The law collection itself is m...

The UN system for the protection of Human Rights Essay

The UN system for the protection of Human Rights - Essay Example 146). Over the past few decades, there has been a heated debate over the justiciabilty of social, economic and cultural rights. In the recent past, many countries have expanded the scope of their constitutions to include social, economic, political and cultural rights to its citizens and many domestic courts, federal courts, regional bodies and international organisations have issued several ruling over social and economic claims (Baderin & Ssenyonjo, 2010, p. 479; Schutter, 2010, p. 173). This has led many experts to conclude that the debate regarding the justiciabilty of social, economic and cultural matters is over and that these rights are justiciable. With Inter American Court of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, African Court on Humans and People’s Rights and other regional courts extending their number of judgements on such matters, the common view is that social, economic and cultural rights have become justiciable (Sepulveda, et al., 2003, p. 67). Therefor e, when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights many human rights activists and people all over the world termed the same as â€Å"victory for socio-economic rights’. However, this paper makes an attempt to evaluate, critically, this statement by presenting both sides of the story. The paper would begin with introducing brief histories and background of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which would be followed by the evaluation of the Justiciability debate. Discussion International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Drafted in the year 1954 and signed on December 16, 1966, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a United States General Assembly Resolution . As the name suggests, it binds its parties towards ensuring the protection and provision of the economic, social and cultural rights of individuals. Currently, this multilateral treaty has 160 parties that have signed and ratified the covenant. However, 32 states have either not signed or signed but nor ratified the covenant up till this point in time (Young, 2012, p. 113). Interestingly, the United States of America, which signed the covenant on October 5, 1977, even after 35 years is yet to ratify the constitution. Six then, the United States has been governed under six different administration of Cater, Reagan, George W. H. Bush, Clinton, George W. Bush and Obama administration (Baderin & Ssenyonjo, 2010, p. 479). As conservative republicans, Reagan, George W. H. Bush and George W. Bush administrations did not see economic, social and cultural rights as â€Å"inalienable human rights†, but as desirable economic, social and cultural goals that should not be the object of binding covenants. On the other hand, Carter, Clinton and Obama administration have recognised the same as â€Å"human rights†, but have delayed ratifying the covenant into the US constitution because of various political reasons (Sepulveda, et al., 2003, p. 67). In essence, ICESCR is an extension of the Universal

Youtility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Youtility - Essay Example From this essay it is clear that  the chapter covers the essence of Meijer Find-It application that helps the customers find products when shopping. This application is different from Google Maps as Point Inside specializes in indoor cartography that helps the customer save time when shopping giving them a chance to make instant buying. The chapter states that this application will help reduce the 5% loss that failing to find a product when shopping. The chapter covers the essence of better marketing strategies to compete favorably. It claims that the marketers should try to give room for more information on their products rather than lower the prices of their goods.  This study discusses that  in the article on the major mistakes analysts make and ways to avoid them, the author states that the biggest mistake is the lack of purpose in their marketing techniques. The article illustrates that the marketers have many data, but since the advertising ad has no room to portray all d ata, the portrayed data lacks depth in analyzing the product and proving its value. The author calls for companies to enforce the digital marketing and measurement model, which is a five-step process. The processes tend to answer the following questions; why the site exists, the parts of the website that one should focus on first, to provide the measurement of how smart the digital marketing strategy is, how the company is doing in the competition front and the fastest way that one can have an impact on the business.

DB 6 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DB 6 - Research Paper Example Deposits refer to clients’ money that are kept with the bank while borrowings are cash and cash equivalents that a banking institution may borrow from other sources such as other commercial banks and the Federal Bank (Union Bank, 2011). Liabilities of a magazine publisher, like those of a newspaper publisher, are however diverse and can be explored in terms of current liabilities and long term liabilities. Current liabilities of the form of business organization are creditors, accrued payroll, prepaid subscriptions, accrued expenses, and outstanding taxes. Portions of long term debts and lease liabilities that falls due in a given accounting period also form part of the publishers’ short term liabilities. Long-term liabilities for the form of business include â€Å"long term debt and capital lease obligations,† â€Å"pension benefits obligations,† â€Å"post retirement benefits obligations† among other long-term commitments (New York Times, 2012, p. 55). Current liabilities of a departmental store such as Macy’s departmental stores however include â€Å"short term debt,† â€Å"merchandise accounts payable,† â€Å"accounts payable and accrued liabilities,† â€Å"income taxes and differed income taxes† and outstanding taxes while long term liabilities are long term debts, outstanding taxes and other forms of long term liabilities (Macy’s, 2012, F-5). Borrowings and outstanding taxes are the common types of liabilities for the three forms of organizations while accounts payable, accrued expenses, accrued liabilities and long-term debts are common elements among magazine publishing organizations and departmental stores. Deposits are however unique for a banking institution while prepaid subscriptions are unique for a magazine publishing organization’s balance sheet and merchandise accounts payable is unique among departmental stores (Union Bank, ; New York Times, ; Macy’s, ). Project 2: A report for Alcenon’s management The Corporation leases a large percentage of its operational assets. The choice to make operating leases as opposed to capital lease has aimed at keeping lease debts out of the organization’s balance sheet in order to attain low debt rations in financial reports. Alcenon is currently negotiating a 10-year-lease on an asset whose anticipated useful life is 15 years. Terms of the lease requires ten annual lease payments at $ 20000 per year. The first installment is due at the beginning of the lease term and the value of the leased asset is $ 135180. There is no provision for transfer of title to the lessee and no provision for bargain purchase. Decision into accounting for the lease as an operating lease must however be based on accounting and legal provisions that the management must be informed of. This report explores relevant provisions to accounting for the lease and makes recommendations to the management. Accounting co ncepts for professional and legal regulation of accounting for asset lease differentiate between capital lease and operating lease and knowledge of the differences must be identified before the corporation classifies the lease. One of the factors that the management should consider is the lease duration relative to the asset’

VDEC Based Data Extraction and Clustering Approach

VDEC Based Data Extraction and Clustering Approach This chapter describes in details the proposed VDEC Approach. It discusses the two phases of the VDEC process for Data Extraction and clustering. Experimental performance evaluation results are shown in the last section in comparing the GDS and SDS datasets. INTRODUCTION Extracting data records on the response pages returned from web databases or search engines is a challenge posed in information retrieval. Traditional web crawlers focus only on the surface web while the deep web keeps expanding behind the scene. Vision based data extraction provides a solution to extract information from dynamic web pages through page segmentation for creating a data region and data record and item extraction. A vision based web information extraction systems become more complex and time-consuming. Detection of data region is a significant problem for information extraction from the web page. This chapter discusses an approach to vision-based deep web data extraction and web document clustering. The proposed approach comprises of two phases, (1) Vision-based web data extraction, and (2) web document clustering. In phase 1, the web page information is segmented into various chunks. From which, surplus noise and duplicate chunks are removed using three parameters, such as hyperlink percentage, noise score and cosine similarity. Finally, the extracted keywords are subjected to web document clustering using Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM). VDEC APPROACH VDEC approach is designed to extract visual data automatically from deep web pages as shown in the block diagram in figure 5.1. Figure 5.1 – VDEC Approach Block diagram In most of web pages, there will be more than one data object tied together in data region, makes difficult to search attributes for each page. Unprocessed source of web page for representing the objects is non-contiguous one, the problem becomes more complicated. In existent applications, the users necessitate from complex web pages is the description of individual data object derived from the partitioning of the data region. VDEC achieve the data capturing from the deep web pages using two phases as discussed in the following sections. Phase-1 Vision Based Web Data Extraction In Phase-1 VDEC approach performs data extraction and a measure is introduced to evaluate the importance of each leaf chunk in the tree, which in turn helps us to eliminate noise in a deep web page. In this measure, remove the surplus noise and duplicate chunk using three parameters such as hyperlink percentage, Noise score and cosine similarity. Finally, obtain the main chunk extraction process using three parameters such as Title word Relevancy, Keyword frequency based chunk selection, Position features and a set of keywords are extracted from those main chunks. Phase-2 Web Document Clustering In Phase-2 VDEC perform web document clustering using Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM), the set of keywords were clustered for all deep web pages. Both the phases of the VDEC helps to extract the visual features of the web pages and supports on web page clustering for improvising information retrieval. The process activities are briefly described in the following section. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN VDEC APPROACH Definition (chunk): Consider a deep web page is segmented by blocks. These each block are known as chunk. For example the web page is represented as, , where the main chunk, . Definition (Hyperlink): A hyperlink has an anchor, which is the location within a document from which the hyperlink can be followed; the document having a hyperlink is called as its source document to web pages. Hyperlink percentage Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of Keywords in a chunk à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of Link Keywords in a chunk Definition (Noise score): Noise score is defined as the ratio of the number of images in total number of chunks. Noise score, Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of images in a chunk à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Total number of images Definition (Cosine similarity): Cosine similarity means calculating the similarity of two chunks. The inner product of the two vectors, i.e., the sum of the pairwise multiplied elements, is divided by the product of their vector lengths. Cosine Similarity, Where, , à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  Weight of keywords in, Definition (Position feature): Position features (PFs) that indicate the location of the data region on a deep web page. To compute the position feature score, the ratio is computed and then, the following equation is used to find the score for the chunk. (4) Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Position features Definition (Title word relevancy): A web page title is the name or heading of a Web site or a Web page. If there is more number of title words in a certain block, then it means that the corresponding block is of more importance. Title word relevancy, Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of Title Keywords à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Frequency of the title keyword in a chunk Definition (Keyword frequency): Keyword frequency is the number of times the keyword phrase appears on a deep Web page chunk relative to the total number of words on the deep web page. Keyword frequency based chunk selection, Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Frequency of top ten keywords à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of keywords à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of Top-K Keywords PHASE-1 – VISION BASED DEEP WEB DATA EXTRACTION In a web page, there are numerous immaterial components related to the descriptions of data objects. These items comprise an advertisement bar, product category, search panel, navigator bar, and copyright statement, etc. Generally, a web page is specified by a triple. is a finite set of objects or sub-web pages. All these objects are not overlapped. Each web page can be recursively viewed as a sub-web-page and has a subsidiary content structure. is a finite set of visual separators, such as horizontal separators and vertical separators. Every separator has a weight representing its visibility, and all the separators in the same have the same weight. is the relationship of every two blocks in , which is represented as:. In several web pages, there are normally more than one data object entwined together in a data region, which makes it complex to find the attributes for each page. Deep Web Page Extraction The Deep web is usually defined as the content on the Web not accessible through a search on general search engines. This content is sometimes also referred to as the hidden or invisible web. The Web is a complex entity that contains information from a variety of source types and includes an evolving mix of different file types and media. It is much more than static, self-contained Web pages. In our work, the deep web pages are collected from Complete Planet (www.completeplanet.com), which is currently the largest deep web repository with more than 70,000 entries of web databases. Chunk Segmentation Web pages are constructed not only main contents information like product information in shopping domain, job information in a job domain, but also advertisements bar, static content like navigation panels, copyright sections, etc. In many web pages, the main content information exists in the middle chunk and the rest of the page contains advertisements, navigation links, and privacy statements as noisy data. Removing these noises will help in improving the mining of the web and it’s called Chunk Segmenting Operation as shown in figure.5.2. Figure 5.2 Chunk Segmenting Operation To assign importance to a region in a web page (), we first need to segment a web page into a set of chunks. It extracts main content information and deep web clustering that is both fast and accurate. The two stages and its sub-steps are given as follows. Stage 1: Vision-based deep web data identification Deep web page extraction Chunk segmentation Noisy chunk Removal Extraction of main chunk using chunk weightage Stage 2: Web document clustering Clustering process using FCM Normally, a tag separated by many sub tags based on the content of the deep web page. If there is no tag in the sub tag, the last tag is consider as leaf node. The Chunk Splitting Process aims at cleaning the local noises by considering only the main content of a web page enclosed in div tag. The main contents are segmented into various chunks. The result of this process can be represented as follows: , Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   A set of chunks in the deep web page à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of chunks in a deep web page In Figure 5.1, we have taken an example of a tree sample which consists of main chunks and sub chunks. The main chunks are segmented into chunks C1, C2 and C3 using Chunk Splitting Operation and sub-chunks are segmented into . Noisy Chunk Removal A deep web page usually contains main content chunks and noise chunks. Only the main content chunks represent the informative part that most users are interested in. Although other chunks are helpful in enriching functionality and guiding browsing, they negatively affect such web mining tasks as web page clustering and classification by reducing the accuracy of mined results as well as speed of processing. Thus, these chunks are called noise chunks. Removing these chunks in our research work, we have concentrated on two parameters; they are Hyperlink Percentage and Noise score which is very significant. The main objective of removing noise from a Web Page is to improve the performance of the search engine. The representation of each parameter is as follows: Hyperlink Keyword – A hyperlink has an anchor, which is the location within a document from which the hyperlink can be followed; the document containing a hyperlink is known as its source document to web pages. Hyperlink Keywords are the keywords which are present in a chunk such that it directs to another page. If there are more links in a particular chunk then it means the corresponding chunk has less importance. The parameter Hyperlink Keyword Retrieval calculates the percentage of all the hyperlink keywords present in a chunk and is computed using the following equation. Hyperlink word Percentage, Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of Keywords in a chunk à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of Link Keywords in a chunk Noise score – The information on Web page consists of both text and images (static pictures, flash, video, etc.). Many Internet sites draw income from third-party advertisements, usually in the form of images sprinkled throughout the site’s pages. In our work, the parameter Noise score calculates the percentage of all the images present in a chunk and is computed using the following equation. Noise score, Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of images in a chunk à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Total number of images Duplicate Chunk Removal Using Cosine Similarity: Cosine Similarity Cosine similarity is one of the most popular similarity measure applied to text documents, such as in numerous information retrieval applications [7] and clustering too [8]. Here, duplication detection among the chunk is done with the help of cosine similarity. Given two chunks and, their cosine similarity is Cosine Similarity Where, , à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  Weight of keywords in, Extraction of Main Block Chunk Weightage for Sub-Chunk: In the previous step, we obtained a set of chunks after removing the noise chunks, and duplicate chunks present in a deep web page. Web page designers tend to organize their content in a reasonable way: giving prominence to important things and deemphasizing the unimportant parts with proper features such as position, size, color, word, image, link, etc. A chunk importance model is a function to map from features to importance for each chunk, and can be formalized as : . The preprocessing for computation is to extract essential keywords for the calculation of Chunk Importance. Many researchers have given importance to different information inside a webpage for instance location, position, occupied area, content, etc. In this research work, we have concentrated on the three parameters Title word relevancy, keyword frequency based chunk selection, and position features which are very significant. Each parameter has its own significance for calculating sub-chunk weightage. The following equation computes the sub-chunk weightage of all noiseless chunks. (1) Where à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Constants For each noiseless chunk, we have to calculate these unknown parameters, and. The representation of each parameter is as follows: Title Keyword – Primarily, a web page title is the name or title of a Web site or a Web page. If there is more number of title words in a particular block then it means the corresponding block is of more importance. This parameter Title Keyword calculates the percentage of all the title keywords present in a block. It is computed using the following equation. Title word Relevancy; (2) Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of Title Keywords à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Title word relevancy, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Frequency of the title keyword in a chunk. Keyword Frequency based chunk selection: Basically, Keyword frequency is the number of times the keyword phrase appears on a deep Web page chunk relative to the total number of words on the deep web page. In our work, the top-K keywords of each and every chunk were selected and then their frequencies were calculated. The parameter keyword frequency based chunk selection calculates for all sub-chunks and is computed using the following equation. Keyword Frequency based chunk selection (3) Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Frequency of top ten keywords à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Keyword Frequency based chunk selection à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Number of Top-K Keywords Position features (PFs): Generally, these data regions are always centered horizontally and for calculating, we need the ratio of the size of the data region to the size of the whole deep Web page instead of the actual size. In our experiments, the threshold of the ratio is set at 0.7, that is, if the ratio of the horizontally centered region is greater than or equal to 0.7, then the region is recognized as the data region. The parameter position features calculate the important sub chunk from all sub chunks and is computed using the following equation. (4) Where, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Position features Thus, we have obtained the values of, and by substituting the above mentioned equation. By substituting the values of , and in eq.1, we obtain the sub-chunk weightage. Chunk Weightage for Main Chunk: We have obtained sub-chunk weightage of all noiseless chunks from the above process. Then, the main chunks weightage are selected from the following equation (5) Where,à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Sub-chunk weightage of Main-chunk. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Constant, à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Main chunk weightage. Thus, finally we obtain a set of important chunks and we extract the keywords from the above obtained important chunks for effective web document clustering mining. Algorithm-1 : Clustering Approach PHASE-2 – DEEP WEB DOCUMENT CLUSTERING USING FCM Let DB be a dataset of web documents, where the set of keywords is denoted by . Let X={x1, x2, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, xN} is the set of N web documents, where, xi={ xi1,xi2,†¦.,xin}. Each xij(i=1,†¦.,N;j=1,†¦.,n) corresponds to the frequency of keyword xi on web document. Fuzzy c-means [29] partitions set of web documents indimensional space into fuzzy clusters with cluster centers or centroids. The fuzzy clustering of keywords is described by a fuzzy matrix with n rows and c columns in which n is the number of keywords and c is the number of clusters. , the element in the row and column in, indicates the degree of association or membership function of the object with the cluster. The characters of are as follows: (6) (7) (8) The objective function of FCM algorithm is to minimize the Eq. (9): (9) Where (10) in which, m(m >1) is a scalar termed the weighting exponent and controls the fuzziness of the resulting clusters and dij is the Euclidian distance from key to the cluster center zip. The zj, centroid of the jth cluster, is obtained using Eq. (11) (11) The FCM algorithm is iterative and can be stated as in Algorithm-2. Algorithm-2 : Fuzzy c-means Approach Experimental Setup The experimental results of the proposed method for vision-based deep web data extraction for web document clustering are presented in this section. The proposed approach has been implemented in Java (jdk 1.6) and the experimentation is performed on a 3.0 GHz Pentium PC machine with 2 GB main memory. For experimentation, we have taken many deep web pages which contained all the noises such as Navigation bars, Panels and Frames, Page Headers and Footers, Copyright and Privacy Notices, Advertisements and Other Uninteresting Data. These pages are then applied to the proposed method for removing the different noises. The removal of noise blocks and extracting of useful content chunks are explained in this sub-section. Finally, extracting the useful con

My Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Education Teaching Philosophy

My Teaching Philosophy I believe that education extends far beyond the classroom walls, and involves many more people than students and teachers. People should be learning wherever they go, and should continue learning long after they’ve graduated from high school or college. Education isn’t something that can be quantified with tests or report cards, but is instead something that people carry with them. It’s a survival pack for life, and some people are better equipped in certain areas than in others. People with a solid education are prepared for nearly anything, as they will be able to provide for their own physical, emotional, and aesthetic needs. That being said, I also believe that a crucial part of education does occur within school during the formative years of a person’s life. Regardless of whether a child is fortunate enough to come from an encouraging and loving home, it is the job of the school to provide emotional support as well as intellectual knowledge. â€Å"The school,† of course, is an abstract term which actually means the teachers and administrators. I...

European History Essay

How did Bismarck’s system of alliances help maintain peace? Bismarck’s system of alliances was the goal of keeping France isolated and not to have any military allies. Also, he wanted to keep Russia and Austria-Hungary from going to war. France was still bitter over the losing Alsace-Lorraine from the Franco-Prussian War. Both Russia and Austria-Hungary desired territory from the weakening Ottoman Empire, which was the Balkans. The Three Emperors League was an alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia. This was against radical movements. With the Congress of Berlin, Austria got Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Balkan states ended up becoming independent. The Triple Alliance was Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy was a defensive alliance protection against Russia. The Reinsurance Treaty was between Germany and Russia. If one of them were to be attacked, they promised neutrality. Germany was concerned about war between Austria and Russia. Plus France and Russia being allies. William II ended this treaty and dismissed Bismarck. 2) What were the reasons for Britain and Germany’s love-hate relationship? Between the 1700 and 1800’s, Germany and Britain had a common enemy, which was France. Their racials ties of Anglo-Saxon and Germanic people as well. The rivalry was of course power. Germany was on the rise to power. Economic wise was the colonie and the world market. For the military component, Germany expanded their navy with battleships. Great Britain is known for its naval supremacy and it was threatened by Germany. It ended up being a naval race between the two nations. For the political factors, Great Britain wanted alliances with France, Russia, and the United States. At the Algeciras Conference, Germany attempted to break the friendship between Great Britain and France. They failed and brought them closer. 3) Why was the Moroccan crisis of 1905 a turning point in European diplomacy? France and Great Britain agreed over North Africa. Britain got full control over Egypt and France got full control over Morocco. The Anglo-French Entente was closer relations between France and England. Germany as always wanted to try and break the treaty between France and England. Germany didn’t act diplomatically though. They were now viewed as an international bully. Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States saw Germany as a common threat. These four nations became closer. Austria became Germany’s main ally as well. 4) What impact did the Congress of Berlin (1878) have on the Balkan area? What were the origins and causes of the â€Å"Third Balkan War†? With the Congress of Berlin, Austria-Hungary had power over Bosnia and Herzegovina. Romania and Serbia won independence. Bulgaria won a somewhat say in their government. Austria-Hungary and Russia wanted to control the Balkans. With nationalism, Serbia wanted to expand by gaining Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austria-Hungary ended up annexing both of their wanted territories. Serbians were furious. The First and Second Balkan Wars consisted of fight within Serbia, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire about territorial gains. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was on a visit to Sarajevo and ended up getting assassinated by Serbians. It was the Black Hand which was a Serbian terrorist group. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia which was the start of the Third Balkan War. Austria-Hungary wanted to stop nationalism that threatened their empire. 5) Which of the major powers do you believe were most responsible and least responsible for the war? Explain. Austria-Hungary had imperialism in the Balkans and declared war on Serbia. They were also Germany’s main ally. Russia had total support of Serbia. They allied with Serbia and France. All three of them mobilized against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany wrote a â€Å"blank check† to Austria-Hungary. William II’s poor control of international diplomacy lead to the Moroccan crisis and naval build up. In addition, Germany invaded France through Belgium. France became permanently mad at Germany and seeked for revenge. They ended up allying with Russia. This meant the support from Russia meant also from Serbia. Great Britain had a naval build up and entered an alliance with France. This disrupted the balance of power and made it point toward France now. 6) What impact did the war have on the economy and the people at home? How cooperative was the population? The economy changed from a free market system to a state run economy. The government organized price and wage controls, quotas, production and what to be produced. The food and resources vital for war had to be rationed. Due to nationalism, the population was supportive of the â€Å"total war† efforts of their governments, in the beginning of the war. 7) Did the war have any effect on the power of organized labor? On women in society? The labor unions cooperated with governments on production and wages. The government gave back by allowing labor leaders in policy making councils. The unions were accepted in the European countries as legitimate organizations. Women were now in demand for labor because men were off at war. Women became a more visible part in society and this gave a boost for the modern women’s rights movement. 8) What evidence is there that the strain of the war was beginning to take its toll on the home front in Russia, Austria, France, and Germany by 1916? Russia had a lot of war casualties. The population was vital of the czar’s leadership. Nicholas II went to the front to lead the troops. While he was away, Alexandra and Rasputin were in charge. Austria’s chief minister was assassinated. Frances Joseph died as well. The Czechs and Yugoslavs called for autonomous democracies. France and their troops refused to fight. There were labor strikes during the war. Clemenceau ruled practically as a dictator. Germany had Karl Liebknecht, who was a radical social leader, spoke out against war. This had the radicals to protest. There was an expanding anti-war legislation in the Reichstag and massive break strikes in Berlin. 9) What were the reasons for the Russian Revolution in March 1917? Who were the Soviets? The war demoralized troops which led to mass desertions. Many peasant soldiers returned home and angry with weapons. Also the war produced massive food shortages and there were bread riots in St. Petersburg. These riots spread like wildfire. Nicholas II ended up stepping down and leaving Russia. The Soviet and the provisional government ended up trying to rule Russia. The social classes were going for political liberty. The upper middle class were expecting better results from the war. Workers demanded better wages and good. Peasants asked for land reform. The Soviets was a political organization in St. They were against the czar’s government and operated separately from the Kerensky’s provisional government. For example, Army Order #1. 10) What were the reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the civil war? The democracy ended up turning into an anarchy. Not one individual group or person had clear dominance to take power. Lenin and Trotsky were talented leaders who competed for power. Trotsky created an organized and centralized army that was able to outperform the whites. While Lenin was able to appeal to the urban workers and soldiers who were for socialism, successfully. The Bolsheviks ruled the center of Russia while the white were scattered out over thousands of miles. There was a secret police and the use of terror. The â€Å"White Armies† were decentralized and didn’t organize movements. They didn’t have a clear political objective that rallied the enemies of the Bolsheviks into an united front. Foreign military aid was too late and little and rallied nationalistic Russian against the whites. 11) What happened to the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish empires after 1918? Austria-Hungary became Austria. They lost land to Italy which was Tyrol. They became independent states which were Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Austria ended up becoming a small, militarily insignificant European nation. The Ottoman Empire ended up becoming Turkey. France got Lebanon and Syria. While Britain received Iraq and Palestine. The empire was diminished and Turkey’s borders were the Anatolian peninsula and the Bosporus. Both of these nations were once dominant in power and now were put down to secondary status, which is ironic. 12) What were the goals of Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau at the Versailles Peace Conference? President Wilson of the United States created the Fourteen Points. He wanted national self determinations, rights of small countries, and League of Nations. David Lloyd George was focused on restoring Germany to a reasonable economic strength. He perceived that Germany could be a balance to the communist Russia. Georges Clemenceau seeked revenge against Germany for the two invasions in the last forty years. He wanted to create a buffer state between France and Germany. He wanted protection against future attacks and permanent demilitarization of Germany. Germany had to pay large war reparations and it weakened them, yet gave France a chance to rebuild.

Free Essays on Picaso

I INTRODUCTION Picasso, Pablo Ruiz y (1881-1973), Spanish painter and sculptor, generally considered the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was unique as an inventor of forms, as an innovator of styles and techniques, as a master of various media, and as one of the most prolific artists in history. He created more than 20,000 works. II TRAINING AND EARLY WORK Born in Mlaga on October 25, 1881, Picasso was the son of Josà © Ruiz Blasco, an art teacher, and Marà ­a Picasso y Lopez. Until 1898 he always used his father's name, Ruiz, and his mother's maiden name, Picasso, to sign his pictures. After about 1901 he dropped "Ruiz" and used his mother's maiden name to sign his pictures. Picasso's genius manifested itself early: at the age of 10 he made his first paintings, and at 15 he performed brilliantly on the entrance examinations to Barcelona's School of Fine Arts. His large academic canvas Science and Charity (1897, Picasso Museum, Barcelona), depicting a doctor, a nun, and a child at a sick woman's bedside, won a gold medal. III BLUE PERIOD Between 1900 and 1902, Picasso made three trips to Paris, finally settling there in 1904. He found the city's bohemian street life fascinating, and his pictures of people in dance halls and cafà ©s show how he assimilated the postimpressionism of the French painter Paul Gauguin and the symbolist painters called the Nabis. The themes of the French painters Edgar Degas and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, as well as the style of the latter, exerted the strongest influence. Picasso's Blue Room (1901, Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.) reflects the work of both these painters and, at the same time, shows his evolution toward the Blue Period, so called because various shades of blue dominated his work for the next few years. Expressing human misery, the paintings portray blind figures, beggars, alcoholics, and prostitutes, their somewhat elongated bodies reminiscent of... Free Essays on Picaso Free Essays on Picaso I INTRODUCTION Picasso, Pablo Ruiz y (1881-1973), Spanish painter and sculptor, generally considered the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was unique as an inventor of forms, as an innovator of styles and techniques, as a master of various media, and as one of the most prolific artists in history. He created more than 20,000 works. II TRAINING AND EARLY WORK Born in Mlaga on October 25, 1881, Picasso was the son of Josà © Ruiz Blasco, an art teacher, and Marà ­a Picasso y Lopez. Until 1898 he always used his father's name, Ruiz, and his mother's maiden name, Picasso, to sign his pictures. After about 1901 he dropped "Ruiz" and used his mother's maiden name to sign his pictures. Picasso's genius manifested itself early: at the age of 10 he made his first paintings, and at 15 he performed brilliantly on the entrance examinations to Barcelona's School of Fine Arts. His large academic canvas Science and Charity (1897, Picasso Museum, Barcelona), depicting a doctor, a nun, and a child at a sick woman's bedside, won a gold medal. III BLUE PERIOD Between 1900 and 1902, Picasso made three trips to Paris, finally settling there in 1904. He found the city's bohemian street life fascinating, and his pictures of people in dance halls and cafà ©s show how he assimilated the postimpressionism of the French painter Paul Gauguin and the symbolist painters called the Nabis. The themes of the French painters Edgar Degas and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, as well as the style of the latter, exerted the strongest influence. Picasso's Blue Room (1901, Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.) reflects the work of both these painters and, at the same time, shows his evolution toward the Blue Period, so called because various shades of blue dominated his work for the next few years. Expressing human misery, the paintings portray blind figures, beggars, alcoholics, and prostitutes, their somewhat elongated bodies reminiscent of...

sarafina essays

sarafina essays Gender Discrimination is when a person that could be a man or a woman is discriminated against because of their gender, according to www.miamisci.org. Gender discrimination can occur in many different places, for many different reasons. The motives of the discriminators are unclear, but not justifiable. Gender discrimination can occur in the work place, at a school, or university. Overall, gender discrimination can exist in many different areas of the work place. It could be that women that graduate with degrees in a certain area are hired at lower positions and/ or lower starting salaries than men. How about a company handled in majority by female that will not hire males in prominent position. Usually, in education males or motivated more so than girls, they are give more complicated tasks, and are perceived to have a better field of potential profession choices, according to Tracey Roberts article at www.msu.edu. Because I have never giving a survey before I wasnt sure of how I wanted to present the survey to the student on campus. Eventually, I decided to randomly ask students in my class, in the library, and students walking on campus. I started by asking the students what classification they were. Then, I asked them if they would mind participating in a quick survey. I explained that it was for my Life Spans class regarding gender discrimination. After explaining what the survey was for the students agreed to take the survey. I used four open-ended questions they are: do you feel the gender discrimination occurs on campus? Explain? Is gender discrimination a major problem on campus?, Is gender discrimination against females or males the most?, and Do you believe that gender discrimination is a general problem that needs to be addressed? I personally, asked the students the questions and recorded their answers. When I completed the survey I thanked the student for participating. I felt th at the topic was very interes...

Retirement Investments in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Retirement Investments in the USA - Essay Example Some of them may look good on papers but in practice, it may not bring dividends to the retired people. Some other investment plans are exempted from tax at the time of investments, but on maturity, people were forced to pay heavy amounts as taxes. This paper analyses benefits and drawbacks of various retirement options available in the United States at present like the IRA, Roth IRA, SEP IRA, 401k and Roth 401k etc. Â  IRA refers to Individual Retirement Accounts whereas Roth IRA (named after its legislative sponsor William Roth) refers to an Individual Retirement Arrangement (IRA) allowed under the tax law of the United States. Â  Kennon (2010) has mentioned some of the major advantages and disadvantages of IRA’s and Roth IRA’s. In his opinion IRA’s are attractive because; IRA taxes are paid only on earnings, it is available to everyone without any income restrictions, funds can be used to purchase a variety of investments like stocks, bonds, certificates of deposits etc (Kennon). Some of the retirement investment options available in America at present are constrained to ordinary people because of the income restrictions. For example, Roth IRA schemes are available only to a particular community who earns more. The investor in IRA’s need does not worry much about the taxes as the tax is calculated based on the earnings rather than the principal amount. For example, it is possible that an investor in an IRA scheme may gain or lose heavy amounts because of the fluctuations in the stock market. Only the persons who gain something from their investments need to pay taxes whereas th e losers need not pay anything as taxes in case of IRA’s. Â  The major drawbacks of IRA’s are related to the withdrawal rules according to Kennon (2010). Investments in IRA’s cannot be continued by an investor when he crosses the age of 70.5 years. Moreover, an investor needs to pay 10% penalty if the funds were withdrawn before the age of 59.5 years (Kennon).

The Massive Government Cover-Up of the Attack on the USS Liberty Essay

The Massive Government Cover-Up of the Attack on the USS Liberty - Essay Example There were many questions that remained unanswered during the last 40 years, but recently declassified documents and newly uncovered testimony has shed new light on the events surrounding this tragic event. Examining what we know about the reports from the time, and the information that has been made public since, makes a convincing case that the attack was a deliberate action by the Israeli government and resulted in a massive cover-up by the Navy inquiry. The official explanation at the time was that in the heat of battle the Israeli Air Force had misidentified the USS Liberty as an Egyptian vessel. Yet, according to a CIA memo of June 13, 1967, 5 days after the attack, the agency reported that two Israeli Mirage fighters had orbited the Liberty on a reconnaissance flight just six hours before the attack (Central Intelligence Agency, 469). The CIA further reported that the weather was clear, the ship was plainly marked, and had a US flag flying. (Central Intelligence Agency, 470). In addition the Liberty was 200 feet longer than the Egyptian ship and had an Ensign that was clearly visible and appropriately marked. To examine the case of mistaken identity requires that we evaluate what the Israelis knew and when they knew it. The initial air assault took place at 13:58 hours and a second wave occurred at 14:04 (Bregman, 89). These flights consisted of machine gun strafing and napalm, which damaged the deck, antennas, and some communications capability. Israeli tape recordings from that day verify that Colonel Shmuel Kislev, the Commander of Israeli Air Control, knew that it was an American ship by 14:14 hours (Bregman, 89). At 14:26, 12 minutes after they had confirmed it was a US ship, Israeli torpedo boats arrived at the scene. By 14:31, 17 minutes after verifying identification, the Israeli boats had fired 5 torpedoes (Bregman, 89). One of the torpedoes hit the Liberty, killed 25 crewmen, and put the USS Liberty out of commission. Motives for the attack are difficult to ascertain in the aftermath of war. Military and governments sometimes act as organisms with no clearly definable goal. A plausible explanation has been offered that contends Israel feared that the Liberty would intercept sensitive communications regarding their plans to attack Syria's Golan Heights. If the US were alerted to the plan, they might have tried to prevent what Israel perceived as a vital operation. A CIA report identified Defense Minister Moshe Dyan as the Israeli leader that ordered the attack (Brands, 211). Dyan had gambled that Johnson would not fully investigate the incident. According to Brands, Johnson made a minimal effort to investigate the area, but was concerned about alarming the Egyptians or the Russians (212). After Johnson was unable to gather any information from the scene, the Israelis apologized. Not wanting to destroy the fragile alliance with Israel, Johnson accepted the apology and ordered the incident to be kept quiet (Brands, 212). The following day, Israel launched an attack against Syria, which wrapped up the final phase of the Six Day War. There could be little believability that the Israelis were unaware of a major US intelligence ship just off their coast in international waters. It had been in the Mediterranean since June 5 (Joint Chiefs of Staff). The cover story of mistaken identity was so weak, that according

Improving or Enhancing Quality and Competency Development at the Dissertation

Improving or Enhancing Quality and Competency Development at the Nursing Facuilty Using Leadership skills - Dissertation Example The proposed research aims to explore the strategies that can be applied in improving nursing teaching using the leadership skills. The objectives of the study include identifying the leadership strategies that can be applied in improving teaching, assessing the teaching needs of the nursing faculty, evaluating the effective approaches applicable in improving these needs and developing a practical strategy capable of improving the teaching environment. The primary method of data collection will involve questionnaires. Journals and books will be used to provide secondary information source related to the topic of study. Table of Contents A Research Proposal on Strategies of Improving Quality and Competency Development in Nursing Faculty Using Leadership skills 1 Abstract 1 Leadership is the interpersonal process that involves motivating and guiding others to achieve goals. Leadership involves the use of interpersonal skills to influence others in the accomplishment accomplish a specif ic goal. ... The objectives of the study include identifying the leadership strategies that can be applied in improving teaching, assessing the teaching needs of the nursing faculty, evaluating the effective approaches applicable in improving these needs and developing a practical strategy capable of improving the teaching environment. The primary method of data collection will involve questionnaires. Journals and books will be used to provide secondary information source related to the topic of study. 1 Table of Contents 2 PURPOSE OF STUDY 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 AIM 8 OBJECTIVES 8 RESEARCH QUESTION 8 Pre-Observation Interview Questions 10 Post-Observation Interview Questions 10 DATA ANALYSIS 12 Statistical figures such as charts and graphs will be used in the analysis of quantitative data. Descriptive statistics will also be used to ascertain the demographic characteristics of the sample. Qualitative data will be analysed through content analysis. 12 CONCLUSION 12 RATIONAL Improving nursing te aching requires exceptional leadership with the will to promote change, ambition to set high-level goals and commitment in implementation. Application of leadership skills involves being clear about the goals to be applied in the improvement of the organisational goals, agreeing on an effective approach for implementation and focusing on the implementation and monitoring progress. Global nursing faculties are looking for the most cost-effective and quality means of delivering efficient nursing education, with the main focus being improving the employee competence. PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of the study is to identify the strategies of improving teaching in faculties through application of the leadership skills.

The Effect of Foreign Trade on Tthe Nigerian Economy Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Foreign Trade on Tthe Nigerian Economy Essay Everyday, the need for foreign trade is on the increase as the needs of man is unlimited (Adams Smith). This is visible in the rise for consumer goods and services throughout the world especially with the increase in world population of over 6 billion people. Man with his advancement in social interaction and technology is able to visualize and perceive in his mind what he desires. This was obvious with the industrial revolution where production demand increased. With the location of raw materials in different geographical zones making them ubiquitous in some areas and scarce in others, the demand for certain goods is on the increase, which gave rise to the concept of foreign trade†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . .Foreign trade exists alongside domestic trade, which has also undergone transformation from the old style of â€Å"trade by barter† to â€Å"business†. In the light of this, Nigeria as a nation participates in foreign trade. Foreign trade as defined by Longe, (2008) is the buying and selling of goods and services beyond the geographical boundaries of a country or between one country and the other. Foreign trade also referred to as international trade, can be bilateral or multilateral and involves the use of different currencies. The Economic glossary defines foreign trade as the exchange of goods and services between countries, and as such, it goes ahead to explain that the inclination for one country to trade with another is based in large part on the idea of comparative advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Foreign trade is just an extension of production, exchange and consumption of goods and services that are fundamental part of life. The Wikipedia encyclopedia defines foreign trade (international trade) as the exchange of capital, goods and services across international borders or territories. In such countries, such trade represents a significant share of the GDP. Foreign trade comprises of imports, exports, and entreports. The economic, social and political importance of foreign trade has been on the rise recently due to specialization in production. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, Multinational Corporation and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the global foreign trade system. Increasing foreign trade is very important to the growth of globalization as international trade assist in bridging the gap and creates availability of goods and services to other nations. The aim of foreign trade is to increase production and to raise the standard of living of the people. Foreign trade enables citizens of a country have access and enjoy the products of another country. According to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. reasons for foreign trade are for the following reasons; uneven distribution of natural resources due to difference in climate, division of labor and specialization, difference in economic growth rate, theory of comparative cost, availability of all types of goods, increased standard of living, large scale production and stable price. According to the theory of comparative cost, each country should concentrate on the production of those goods for which it is best suited, taking into account its natural resources, climate, labour supply, technical-know-how and the level of development. Akeem (2011) explains that foreign trade plays a vital role in restructuring economic and social attributes of countries around the world. Aids to trade includes; banking, warehousing, insurance, transportation and advertisement. According to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. , there arises challenges in implementing foreign nations involved in foreign trade is done using exchange of currency Increase in tariff, high duty on some imported goods as well as some export goods. Exposure to risk since they are transported either through the road, air, rail and sea. 2. Poor intermodal transport network in developing countries such as Nigeria. 3. Poor government policies on trade and industrialization. 4. Corruption and unaccountability. 5. Insurgence of terror groups globally acts as a threat to foreign trade. 6. Late payment for goods which results to demurrage and high port charges. 7. Language barrier slows foreign trade. With a geographical land mass of about 923,768sqkm, Nigeria is located along the Atlantic coast line. The location of natural resources in almost every part of the country has attracted trade domestically and internationally. These resources include cash crop, food crop, solid mineral, livestock and aquatic life. During this period, the industry in existence was the extractive industry and the scale of production was minimal. There existed trade by barter, the use of cowries, and coins as the medium of exchange. Nigeria experienced foreign trade with the insurgence of the British, Portuguese etc, who explored the country and tapped our natural resources. The colonial masters journeyed into the hinterland and assisted in the construction of the early road networks and later, rail lines which connected major cities to the ports in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Calabar. These routes provided means of transportation for the export of cash crops like palm oil, cocoa, groundnut, rubber, etc to the industries in Europe and America. Between the periods of 2005 and 2010, many industries e. g. Unilver, located in Nigeria relocated to neighboring West African countries and their home base because of the numerous problems such as epileptic power supply, high tariff on import, corruption, inadequate social infrastructure and high tax rates imposed on them by the government. These factors have affected Nigeria’s foreign trade, especially with her over dependence on crude oil which was discovered in Oloibiri, Bayelsa State, formerly Rivers.